Artery Remoting

If migrating from classic remoting see what’s new in Artery

Dependency

To use Artery Remoting, you must add the following dependency in your project:

sbt

val AkkaVersion = "2.6.21"
libraryDependencies += "com.typesafe.akka" %% "akka-remote" % AkkaVersion

Maven

<properties>
  <scala.binary.version>2.13</scala.binary.version>
</properties>
<dependencyManagement>
  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.typesafe.akka</groupId>
      <artifactId>akka-bom_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
      <version>2.6.21</version>
      <type>pom</type>
      <scope>import</scope>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>com.typesafe.akka</groupId>
    <artifactId>akka-remote_${scala.binary.version}</artifactId>
  </dependency>
</dependencies>

Gradle

def versions = [
  ScalaBinary: "2.13"
]
dependencies {
  implementation platform("com.typesafe.akka:akka-bom_${versions.ScalaBinary}:2.6.21")

  implementation "com.typesafe.akka:akka-remote_${versions.ScalaBinary}"
}

One option is to use Artery with Aeron, see Selecting a transport. The Aeron dependency needs to be explicitly added if using the aeron-udp transport:

sbt

libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
  "io.aeron" % "aeron-driver" % "1.38.1",
  "io.aeron" % "aeron-client" % "1.38.1"
)

Maven

<dependencies>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>io.aeron</groupId>
    <artifactId>aeron-driver</artifactId>
    <version>1.38.1</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>io.aeron</groupId>
    <artifactId>aeron-client</artifactId>
    <version>1.38.1</version>
  </dependency>
</dependencies>

Gradle

dependencies {
  implementation "io.aeron:aeron-driver:1.38.1"
  implementation "io.aeron:aeron-client:1.38.1"
}

Configuration

To enable remote capabilities in your Akka project you should, at a minimum, add the following changes to your application.conf file:

akka {
  actor {
    # provider=remote is possible, but prefer cluster
    provider = cluster 
  }
  remote {
    artery {
      transport = tcp # See Selecting a transport below
      canonical.hostname = "127.0.0.1"
      canonical.port = 25520
    }
  }
}

As you can see in the example above there are four things you need to add to get started:

• Change provider from local. We recommend using Akka Cluster over using remoting directly.
• Enable Artery to use it as the remoting implementation
• Add host name - the machine you want to run the actor system on; this host name is exactly what is passed to remote systems in order to identify this system and consequently used for connecting back to this system if need be, hence set it to a reachable IP address or resolvable name in case you want to communicate across the network.
• Add port number - the port the actor system should listen on, set to 0 to have it chosen automatically

The example above only illustrates the bare minimum of properties you have to add to enable remoting. All settings are described in Remote Configuration.

Introduction

We recommend Akka Cluster over using remoting directly. As remoting is the underlying module that allows for Cluster, it is still useful to understand details about it though.

Remoting enables Actor systems on different hosts or JVMs to communicate with each other. By enabling remoting the system will start listening on a provided network address and also gains the ability to connect to other systems through the network. From the application’s perspective there is no API difference between local or remote systems, ActorRefActorRef instances that point to remote systems look exactly the same as local ones: they can be sent messages to, watched, etc. Every ActorRef contains hostname and port information and can be passed around even on the network. This means that on a network every ActorRef is a unique identifier of an actor on that network.

You need to enable serialization for your actor messages. Serialization with Jackson is a good choice in many cases and our recommendation if you don’t have other preference.

Remoting is not a server-client technology. All systems using remoting can contact any other system on the network if they possess an ActorRef pointing to those system. This means that every system that is remoting enabled acts as a “server” to which arbitrary systems on the same network can connect to.

Selecting a transport

There are three alternatives of which underlying transport to use. It is configured by property akka.remote.artery.transport with the possible values:

• tcp - Based on Akka Streams TCP (default if other not configured)
• tls-tcp - Same as tcp with encryption using Akka Streams TLS
• aeron-udp - Based on Aeron (UDP)

If you are uncertain of what to select a good choice is to use the default, which is tcp.

The Aeron (UDP) transport is a high performance transport and should be used for systems that require high throughput and low latency. It uses more CPU than TCP when the system is idle or at low message rates. There is no encryption for Aeron.

The TCP and TLS transport is implemented using Akka Streams TCP/TLS. This is the choice when encryption is needed, but it can also be used with plain TCP without TLS. It’s also the obvious choice when UDP can’t be used. It has very good performance (high throughput and low latency) but latency at high throughput might not be as good as the Aeron transport. It has less operational complexity than the Aeron transport and less risk of trouble in container environments.

Aeron requires 64bit JVM to work reliably and is only officially supported on Linux, Mac and Windows. It may work on other Unixes e.g. Solaris but insufficient testing has taken place for it to be officially supported. If you’re on a Big Endian processor, such as Sparc, it is recommended to use TCP.

Migrating from classic remoting

See migrating from classic remoting

Canonical address

In order for remoting to work properly, where each system can send messages to any other system on the same network (for example a system forwards a message to a third system, and the third replies directly to the sender system) it is essential for every system to have a unique, globally reachable address and port. This address is part of the unique name of the system and will be used by other systems to open a connection to it and send messages. This means that if a host has multiple names (different DNS records pointing to the same IP address) then only one of these can be canonical. If a message arrives to a system but it contains a different hostname than the expected canonical name then the message will be dropped. If multiple names for a system would be allowed, then equality checks among ActorRefActorRef instances would no longer to be trusted and this would violate the fundamental assumption that an actor has a globally unique reference on a given network. As a consequence, this also means that localhost addresses (e.g. 127.0.0.1) cannot be used in general (apart from local development) since they are not unique addresses in a real network.

In cases, where Network Address Translation (NAT) is used or other network bridging is involved, it is important to configure the system so that it understands that there is a difference between his externally visible, canonical address and between the host-port pair that is used to listen for connections. See Akka behind NAT or in a Docker container for details.

Acquiring references to remote actors

In order to communicate with an actor, it is necessary to have its ActorRefActorRef. In the local case it is usually the creator of the actor (the caller of actorOf()) is who gets the ActorRef for an actor that it can then send to other actors. In other words:

• An Actor can get a remote Actor’s reference by receiving a message from it (as it’s available as sender()getSender() then), or inside of a remote message (e.g. PleaseReply(message: String, remoteActorRef: ActorRef))

Alternatively, an actor can look up another located at a known path using ActorSelectionActorSelection. These methods are available even in remoting enabled systems:

• Remote Lookup : used to look up an actor on a remote node with actorSelection(path)actorSelection(path)
• Remote Creation : used to create an actor on a remote node with actorOf(Props(...), actorName)actorOf(Props(...), actorName)

In the next sections the two alternatives are described in detail.

Looking up Remote Actors

actorSelection(path)actorSelection(path) will obtain an ActorSelectionActorSelection to an Actor on a remote node, e.g.:

Scala

val selection =
  context.actorSelection("akka://[email protected]:25520/user/actorName")

Java

ActorSelection selection =
  context.actorSelection("akka://[email protected]:25520/user/actorName");

As you can see from the example above the following pattern is used to find an actor on a remote node:

akka://<actor system>@<hostname>:<port>/<actor path>

Once you obtained a selection to the actor you can interact with it in the same way you would with a local actor, e.g.:

Scala

selection ! "Pretty awesome feature"

Java

selection.tell("Pretty awesome feature", getSelf());

To acquire an ActorRefActorRef for an ActorSelectionActorSelection you need to send a message to the selection and use the sender()getSender() reference of the reply from the actor. There is a built-in IdentifyIdentify message that all Actors will understand and automatically reply to with a ActorIdentityActorIdentity message containing the ActorRef. This can also be done with the resolveOneresolveOne method of the ActorSelection, which returns a FutureCompletionStage of the matching ActorRef.

For more details on how actor addresses and paths are formed and used, please refer to Actor References, Paths and Addresses.

Remote Security

An ActorSystemActorSystem should not be exposed via Akka Remote (Artery) over plain Aeron/UDP or TCP to an untrusted network (e.g. Internet). It should be protected by network security, such as a firewall. If that is not considered as enough protection TLS with mutual authentication should be enabled.

Best practice is that Akka remoting nodes should only be accessible from the adjacent network. Note that if TLS is enabled with mutual authentication there is still a risk that an attacker can gain access to a valid certificate by compromising any node with certificates issued by the same internal PKI tree.

By default, Java serialization is disabled in Akka. That is also security best-practice because of its multiple known attack surfaces.

Configuring SSL/TLS for Akka Remoting

In addition to what is described here, read the blog post about Securing Akka cluster communication in Kubernetes.

SSL can be used as the remote transport by using the tls-tcp transport:

akka.remote.artery {
  transport = tls-tcp
}

Next the actual SSL/TLS parameters have to be configured:

akka.remote.artery {
  transport = tls-tcp

  ssl.config-ssl-engine {
    key-store = "/example/path/to/mykeystore.jks"
    trust-store = "/example/path/to/mytruststore.jks"

    key-store-password = ${SSL_KEY_STORE_PASSWORD}
    key-password = ${SSL_KEY_PASSWORD}
    trust-store-password = ${SSL_TRUST_STORE_PASSWORD}

    protocol = "TLSv1.2"

    enabled-algorithms = [TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256]
  }
}

Always use substitution from environment variables for passwords. Don’t define real passwords in config files.

According to RFC 7525 the recommended algorithms to use with TLS 1.2 (as of writing this document) are:

• TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
• TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
• TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
• TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384

You should always check the latest information about security and algorithm recommendations though before you configure your system.

Creating and working with keystores and certificates is well documented in the Generating X.509 Certificates section of Lightbend’s SSL-Config library.

Since an Akka remoting is inherently peer-to-peer both the key-store as well as trust-store need to be configured on each remoting node participating in the cluster.

The official Java Secure Socket Extension documentation as well as the Oracle documentation on creating KeyStore and TrustStores are both great resources to research when setting up security on the JVM. Please consult those resources when troubleshooting and configuring SSL.

Mutual authentication between TLS peers is enabled by default. Mutual authentication means that the the passive side (the TLS server side) of a connection will also request and verify a certificate from the connecting peer. Without this mode only the client side is requesting and verifying certificates. While Akka is a peer-to-peer technology, each connection between nodes starts out from one side (the “client”) towards the other (the “server”).

Note that if TLS is enabled with mutual authentication there is still a risk that an attacker can gain access to a valid certificate by compromising any node with certificates issued by the same internal PKI tree.

It’s recommended that you enable hostname verification with akka.remote.artery.ssl.config-ssl-engine.hostname-verification=on. When enabled it will verify that the destination hostname matches the hostname in the peer’s certificate.

In deployments where hostnames are dynamic and not known up front it can make sense to leave the hostname verification off.

You have a few choices how to set up certificates and hostname verification:

• Have a single set of keys and a single certificate for all nodes and disable hostname checking
  • The single set of keys and the single certificate is distributed to all nodes. The certificate can be self-signed as it is distributed both as a certificate for authentication but also as the trusted certificate.
  • If the keys/certificate are lost, someone else can connect to your cluster.
  • Adding nodes to the cluster is simple as the key material can be deployed / distributed to the new node.
• Have a single set of keys and a single certificate for all nodes that contains all of the host names and enable hostname checking.
  • This means that only the hosts mentioned in the certificate can connect to the cluster.
  • It cannot be checked, though, if the node you talk to is actually the node it is supposed to be (or if it is one of the other nodes). This seems like a minor restriction as you’ll have to trust all cluster nodes the same in an Akka cluster anyway.
  • The certificate can be self-signed in which case the same single certificate is distributed and trusted on all nodes (but see the next bullet)
  • Adding a new node means that its host name needs to conform to the trusted host names in the certificate. That either means to foresee new hosts, use a wildcard certificate, or use a full CA in the first place, so you can later issue more certificates if more nodes are to be added (but then you already get into the territory of the next solution).
  • If a certificate is stolen, it can only be used to connect to the cluster from a node reachable via a hostname that is trusted in the certificate. It would require tampering with DNS to allow other nodes to get access to the cluster (however, tampering DNS might be easier in an internal setting than on internet scale).
• Have a CA and then keys/certificates, one for each node, and enable host name checking.
  • Basically like internet HTTPS but that you only trust the internal CA and then issue certificates for each new node.
  • Needs a PKI, the CA certificate is trusted on all nodes, the individual certificates are used for authentication.
  • Only the CA certificate and the key/certificate for a node is distributed.
  • If keys/certificates are stolen, only the same node can access the cluster (unless DNS is tampered with as well). You can revoke single certificates.

See also a description of the settings in the Remote Configuration section.

Untrusted Mode

As soon as an actor system can connect to another remotely, it may in principle send any possible message to any actor contained within that remote system. One example may be sending a PoisonPillPoisonPill to the system guardian, shutting that system down. This is not always desired, and it can be disabled with the following setting:

akka.remote.artery.untrusted-mode = on

This disallows sending of system messages (actor life-cycle commands, DeathWatch, etc.) and any message extending PossiblyHarmfulPossiblyHarmful to the system on which this flag is set. Should a client send them nonetheless they are dropped and logged (at DEBUG level in order to reduce the possibilities for a denial of service attack). PossiblyHarmful covers the predefined messages like PoisonPillPoisonPill and KillKill, but it can also be added as a marker trait to user-defined messages.

Messages sent with actor selection are by default discarded in untrusted mode, but permission to receive actor selection messages can be granted to specific actors defined in configuration:

akka.remote.artery.trusted-selection-paths = ["/user/receptionist", "/user/namingService"]

The actual message must still not be of type PossiblyHarmful.

In summary, the following operations are ignored by a system configured in untrusted mode when incoming via the remoting layer:

• remote deployment (which also means no remote supervision)
• remote DeathWatch
• system.stop()system.stop(), PoisonPillPoisonPill, KillKill
• sending any message which extends from the PossiblyHarmfulPossiblyHarmful marker interface, which includes TerminatedTerminated
• messages sent with actor selection, unless destination defined in trusted-selection-paths.

Quarantine

Akka remoting is using TCP or Aeron as underlying message transport. Aeron is using UDP and adds among other things reliable delivery and session semantics, very similar to TCP. This means that the order of the messages are preserved, which is needed for the Actor message ordering guarantees. Under normal circumstances all messages will be delivered but there are cases when messages may not be delivered to the destination:

• during a network partition when the TCP connection or the Aeron session is broken, this automatically recovered once the partition is over
• when sending too many messages without flow control and thereby filling up the outbound send queue (outbound-message-queue-size config)
• if serialization or deserialization of a message fails (only that message will be dropped)
• if an unexpected exception occurs in the remoting infrastructure

In short, Actor message delivery is “at-most-once” as described in Message Delivery Reliability

Some messages in Akka are called system messages and those cannot be dropped because that would result in an inconsistent state between the systems. Such messages are used for essentially two features; remote death watch and remote deployment. These messages are delivered by Akka remoting with “exactly-once” guarantee by confirming each message and resending unconfirmed messages. If a system message anyway cannot be delivered the association with the destination system is irrecoverable failed, and Terminated is signaled for all watched actors on the remote system. It is placed in a so called quarantined state. Quarantine usually does not happen if remote watch or remote deployment is not used.

Each ActorSystemActorSystem instance has an unique identifier (UID), which is important for differentiating between incarnations of a system when it is restarted with the same hostname and port. It is the specific incarnation (UID) that is quarantined. The only way to recover from this state is to restart one of the actor systems.

Messages that are sent to and received from a quarantined system will be dropped. However, it is possible to send messages with actorSelection to the address of a quarantined system, which is useful to probe if the system has been restarted.

An association will be quarantined when:

• Cluster node is removed from the cluster membership.
• Remote failure detector triggers, i.e. remote watch is used. This is different when Akka Cluster is used. The unreachable observation by the cluster failure detector can go back to reachable if the network partition heals. A cluster member is not quarantined when the failure detector triggers.
• Overflow of the system message delivery buffer, e.g. because of too many watch requests at the same time (system-message-buffer-size config).
• Unexpected exception occurs in the control subchannel of the remoting infrastructure.

The UID of the ActorSystemActorSystem is exchanged in a two-way handshake when the first message is sent to a destination. The handshake will be retried until the other system replies and no other messages will pass through until the handshake is completed. If the handshake cannot be established within a timeout (handshake-timeout config) the association is stopped (freeing up resources). Queued messages will be dropped if the handshake cannot be established. It will not be quarantined, because the UID is unknown. New handshake attempt will start when next message is sent to the destination.

Handshake requests are actually also sent periodically to be able to establish a working connection when the destination system has been restarted.

Watching Remote Actors

Watching a remote actor is API wise not different than watching a local actor, as described in Lifecycle Monitoring aka DeathWatch. However, it is important to note, that unlike in the local case, remoting has to handle when a remote actor does not terminate in a graceful way sending a system message to notify the watcher actor about the event, but instead being hosted on a system which stopped abruptly (crashed). These situations are handled by the built-in failure detector.

Failure Detector

Under the hood remote death watch uses heartbeat messages and a failure detector to generate TerminatedTerminated message from network failures and JVM crashes, in addition to graceful termination of watched actor.

The heartbeat arrival times is interpreted by an implementation of The Phi Accrual Failure Detector.

The suspicion level of failure is given by a value called phi. The basic idea of the phi failure detector is to express the value of phi on a scale that is dynamically adjusted to reflect current network conditions.

The value of phi is calculated as:

phi = -log10(1 - F(timeSinceLastHeartbeat))

where F is the cumulative distribution function of a normal distribution with mean and standard deviation estimated from historical heartbeat inter-arrival times.

In the Remote Configuration you can adjust the akka.remote.watch-failure-detector.threshold to define when a phi value is considered to be a failure.

A low threshold is prone to generate many false positives but ensures a quick detection in the event of a real crash. Conversely, a high threshold generates fewer mistakes but needs more time to detect actual crashes. The default threshold is 10 and is appropriate for most situations. However in cloud environments, such as Amazon EC2, the value could be increased to 12 in order to account for network issues that sometimes occur on such platforms.

The following chart illustrates how phi increase with increasing time since the previous heartbeat.

Phi is calculated from the mean and standard deviation of historical inter arrival times. The previous chart is an example for standard deviation of 200 ms. If the heartbeats arrive with less deviation the curve becomes steeper, i.e. it is possible to determine failure more quickly. The curve looks like this for a standard deviation of 100 ms.

To be able to survive sudden abnormalities, such as garbage collection pauses and transient network failures the failure detector is configured with a margin, akka.remote.watch-failure-detector.acceptable-heartbeat-pause. You may want to adjust the Remote Configuration of this depending on you environment. This is how the curve looks like for acceptable-heartbeat-pause configured to 3 seconds.

Serialization

You need to enable serialization for your actor messages. Serialization with Jackson is a good choice in many cases and our recommendation if you don’t have other preference.

ByteBuffer based serialization

Artery introduces a new serialization mechanism which allows the ByteBufferSerializerByteBufferSerializer to directly write into a shared java.nio.ByteBuffer instead of being forced to allocate and return an Array[Byte] for each serialized message. For high-throughput messaging this API change can yield significant performance benefits, so we recommend changing your serializers to use this new mechanism.

This new API also plays well with new versions of Google Protocol Buffers and other serialization libraries, which gained the ability to serialize directly into and from ByteBuffers.

As the new feature only changes how bytes are read and written, and the rest of the serialization infrastructure remained the same, we recommend reading the Serialization documentation first.

Implementing an akka.serialization.ByteBufferSerializer works the same way as any other serializer,

Scala

copysourcetrait ByteBufferSerializer {

  /**
   * Serializes the given object into the `ByteBuffer`.
   */
  def toBinary(o: AnyRef, buf: ByteBuffer): Unit

  /**
   * Produces an object from a `ByteBuffer`, with an optional type-hint;
   * the class should be loaded using ActorSystem.dynamicAccess.
   */
  @throws(classOf[NotSerializableException])
  def fromBinary(buf: ByteBuffer, manifest: String): AnyRef

}

Java

copysourceinterface ByteBufferSerializer {
  /** Serializes the given object into the `ByteBuffer`. */
  void toBinary(Object o, ByteBuffer buf);

  /**
   * Produces an object from a `ByteBuffer`, with an optional type-hint; the class should be
   * loaded using ActorSystem.dynamicAccess.
   */
  Object fromBinary(ByteBuffer buf, String manifest);
}

Implementing a serializer for Artery is therefore as simple as implementing this interface, and binding the serializer as usual (which is explained in Serialization).

Implementations should typically extend SerializerWithStringManifestSerializerWithStringManifest and in addition to the ByteBuffer based toBinarytoBinary and fromBinaryfromBinary methods also implement the array based toBinarytoBinary and fromBinaryfromBinary methods. The array based methods will be used when ByteBuffer is not used, e.g. in Akka Persistence.

Note that the array based methods can be implemented by delegation like this:

Scala

copysourceimport java.nio.ByteBuffer
import akka.serialization.ByteBufferSerializer
import akka.serialization.SerializerWithStringManifest

class ExampleByteBufSerializer extends SerializerWithStringManifest with ByteBufferSerializer {
  override def identifier: Int = 1337
  override def manifest(o: AnyRef): String = "naive-toStringImpl"

  // Implement this method for compatibility with `SerializerWithStringManifest`.
  override def toBinary(o: AnyRef): Array[Byte] = {
    // in production code, acquire this from a BufferPool
    val buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(256)

    toBinary(o, buf)
    buf.flip()
    val bytes = new Array[Byte](buf.remaining)
    buf.get(bytes)
    bytes
  }

  // Implement this method for compatibility with `SerializerWithStringManifest`.
  override def fromBinary(bytes: Array[Byte], manifest: String): AnyRef =
    fromBinary(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes), manifest)

  // Actual implementation in the ByteBuffer versions of to/fromBinary:
  override def toBinary(o: AnyRef, buf: ByteBuffer): Unit = ??? // implement actual logic here
  override def fromBinary(buf: ByteBuffer, manifest: String): AnyRef = ??? // implement actual logic here
}

Java

copysourceimport akka.serialization.ByteBufferSerializer;
import akka.serialization.SerializerWithStringManifest;

class ExampleByteBufSerializer extends SerializerWithStringManifest
    implements ByteBufferSerializer {

  @Override
  public int identifier() {
    return 1337;
  }

  @Override
  public String manifest(Object o) {
    return "serialized-" + o.getClass().getSimpleName();
  }

  @Override
  public byte[] toBinary(Object o) {
    // in production code, acquire this from a BufferPool
    final ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(256);

    toBinary(o, buf);
    buf.flip();
    final byte[] bytes = new byte[buf.remaining()];
    buf.get(bytes);
    return bytes;
  }

  @Override
  public Object fromBinary(byte[] bytes, String manifest) {
    return fromBinary(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes), manifest);
  }

  @Override
  public void toBinary(Object o, ByteBuffer buf) {
    // Implement actual serialization here
  }

  @Override
  public Object fromBinary(ByteBuffer buf, String manifest) {
    // Implement actual deserialization here
    return null;
  }
}

Routers with Remote Destinations

It is absolutely feasible to combine remoting with Routing.

A pool of remote deployed routees can be configured as:

copysourceakka.actor.deployment {
  /parent/remotePool {
    router = round-robin-pool
    nr-of-instances = 10
    target.nodes = ["tcp://[email protected]:2552", "akka://[email protected]:2552"]
  }
}

This configuration setting will clone the actor defined in the Props of the remotePool 10 times and deploy it evenly distributed across the two given target nodes.

When using a pool of remote deployed routees you must ensure that all parameters of the Props can be serialized.

A group of remote actors can be configured as:

copysourceakka.actor.deployment {
  /parent/remoteGroup2 {
    router = round-robin-group
    routees.paths = [
      "akka://[email protected]:2552/user/workers/w1",
      "akka://[email protected]:2552/user/workers/w1",
      "akka://[email protected]:2552/user/workers/w1"]
  }
}

This configuration setting will send messages to the defined remote actor paths. It requires that you create the destination actors on the remote nodes with matching paths. That is not done by the router.

What is new in Artery

Artery is a reimplementation of the old remoting module aimed at improving performance and stability. It is mostly source compatible with the old implementation and it is a drop-in replacement in many cases. Main features of Artery compared to the previous implementation:

• Based on Akka Streams TCP/TLS or Aeron (UDP) instead of Netty TCP
• Focused on high-throughput, low-latency communication
• Isolation of internal control messages from user messages improving stability and reducing false failure detection in case of heavy traffic by using a dedicated subchannel.
• Mostly allocation-free operation
• Support for a separate subchannel for large messages to avoid interference with smaller messages
• Compression of actor paths on the wire to reduce overhead for smaller messages
• Support for faster serialization/deserialization using ByteBuffers directly
• Built-in Java Flight Recorder (JFR) to help debugging implementation issues without polluting users logs with implementation specific events
• Providing protocol stability across major Akka versions to support rolling updates of large-scale systems

The main incompatible change from the previous implementation that the protocol field of the string representation of an ActorRefActorRef is always akka instead of the previously used akka.tcp or akka.ssl.tcp. Configuration properties are also different.

Performance tuning

Lanes

Message serialization and deserialization can be a bottleneck for remote communication. Therefore there is support for parallel inbound and outbound lanes to perform serialization and other tasks for different destination actors in parallel. Using multiple lanes is of most value for the inbound messages, since all inbound messages from all remote systems share the same inbound stream. For outbound messages there is already one stream per remote destination system, so multiple outbound lanes only add value when sending to different actors in same destination system.

The selection of lane is based on consistent hashing of the recipient ActorRef to preserve message ordering per receiver.

Note that lowest latency can be achieved with inbound-lanes=1 and outbound-lanes=1 because multiple lanes introduce an asynchronous boundary.

Also note that the total amount of parallel tasks are bound by the remote-dispatcher and the thread pool size should not exceed the number of CPU cores minus headroom for actually processing the messages in the application, i.e. in practice the the pool size should be less than half of the number of cores.

See inbound-lanes and outbound-lanes in the reference configuration for default values.

Dedicated subchannel for large messages

All the communication between user defined remote actors are isolated from the channel of Akka internal messages so a large user message cannot block an urgent system message. While this provides good isolation for Akka services, all user communications by default happen through a shared network connection. When some actors send large messages this can cause other messages to suffer higher latency as they need to wait until the full message has been transported on the shared channel (and hence, shared bottleneck). In these cases it is usually helpful to separate actors that have different QoS requirements: large messages vs. low latency.

Akka remoting provides a dedicated channel for large messages if configured. Since actor message ordering must not be violated the channel is actually dedicated for actors instead of messages, to ensure all of the messages arrive in send order. It is possible to assign actors on given paths to use this dedicated channel by using path patterns that have to be specified in the actor system’s configuration on both the sending and the receiving side:

akka.remote.artery.large-message-destinations = [
   "/user/largeMessageActor",
   "/user/largeMessagesGroup/*",
   "/user/anotherGroup/*/largeMesssages",
   "/user/thirdGroup/**",
   "/temp/session-ask-actor*"
]

*NOTE: Support for * inside of an actor path (ie. /temp/session-ask-actor*) is only available in 2.6.18+

This means that all messages sent to the following actors will pass through the dedicated, large messages channel:

• /user/largeMessageActor
• /user/largeMessageActorGroup/actor1
• /user/largeMessageActorGroup/actor2
• /user/anotherGroup/actor1/largeMessages
• /user/anotherGroup/actor2/largeMessages
• /user/thirdGroup/actor3/
• /user/thirdGroup/actor4/actor5
• /temp/session-ask-actor$abc

Messages destined for actors not matching any of these patterns are sent using the default channel as before.

To notice large messages you can enable logging of message types with payload size in bytes larger than the configured log-frame-size-exceeding.

akka.remote.artery {
  log-frame-size-exceeding = 10000b
}

Example log messages:

[INFO] Payload size for [java.lang.String] is [39068] bytes. Sent to Actor[akka://Sys@localhost:53039/user/destination#-1908386800]
[INFO] New maximum payload size for [java.lang.String] is [44068] bytes. Sent to Actor[akka://Sys@localhost:53039/user/destination#-1908386800].

The large messages channel can still not be used for extremely large messages, a few MB per message at most. An alternative is to use the Reliable delivery that has support for automatically splitting up large messages and assemble them again on the receiving side.

External, shared Aeron media driver

The Aeron transport is running in a so called media driver. By default, Akka starts the media driver embedded in the same JVM process as application. This is convenient and simplifies operational concerns by only having one process to start and monitor.

The media driver may use rather much CPU resources. If you run more than one Akka application JVM on the same machine it can therefore be wise to share the media driver by running it as a separate process.

The media driver has also different resource usage characteristics than a normal application and it can therefore be more efficient and stable to run the media driver as a separate process.

Given that Aeron jar files are in the classpath the standalone media driver can be started with:

java io.aeron.driver.MediaDriver

The needed classpath:

Agrona-0.5.4.jar:aeron-driver-1.0.1.jar:aeron-client-1.0.1.jar

You find those jar files on Maven Central, or you can create a package with your preferred build tool.

You can pass Aeron properties as command line -D system properties:

-Daeron.dir=/dev/shm/aeron

You can also define Aeron properties in a file:

java io.aeron.driver.MediaDriver config/aeron.properties

An example of such a properties file:

aeron.mtu.length=16384
aeron.socket.so_sndbuf=2097152
aeron.socket.so_rcvbuf=2097152
aeron.rcv.buffer.length=16384
aeron.rcv.initial.window.length=2097152
agrona.disable.bounds.checks=true

aeron.threading.mode=SHARED_NETWORK

# low latency settings
#aeron.threading.mode=DEDICATED
#aeron.sender.idle.strategy=org.agrona.concurrent.BusySpinIdleStrategy
#aeron.receiver.idle.strategy=org.agrona.concurrent.BusySpinIdleStrategy

# use same director in akka.remote.artery.advanced.aeron-dir config
# of the Akka application
aeron.dir=/dev/shm/aeron

Read more about the media driver in the Aeron documentation.

To use the external media driver from the Akka application you need to define the following two configuration properties:

akka.remote.artery.advanced.aeron {
  embedded-media-driver = off
  aeron-dir = /dev/shm/aeron
}

The aeron-dir must match the directory you started the media driver with, i.e. the aeron.dir property.

Several Akka applications can then be configured to use the same media driver by pointing to the same directory.

Note that if the media driver process is stopped the Akka applications that are using it will also be stopped.

Aeron Tuning

See Aeron documentation about Performance Testing.

Fine-tuning CPU usage latency tradeoff

Artery has been designed for low latency and as a result it can be CPU hungry when the system is mostly idle. This is not always desirable. When using the Aeron transport it is possible to tune the tradeoff between CPU usage and latency with the following configuration:

# Values can be from 1 to 10, where 10 strongly prefers low latency
# and 1 strongly prefers less CPU usage
akka.remote.artery.advanced.aeron.idle-cpu-level = 1

By setting this value to a lower number, it tells Akka to do longer “sleeping” periods on its thread dedicated for spin-waiting and hence reducing CPU load when there is no immediate task to execute at the cost of a longer reaction time to an event when it actually happens. It is worth to be noted though that during a continuously high-throughput period this setting makes not much difference as the thread mostly has tasks to execute. This also means that under high throughput (but below maximum capacity) the system might have less latency than at low message rates.

Remote Configuration

There are lots of configuration properties that are related to remoting in Akka. We refer to the reference configuration for more information.

copysourceConfigFactory.parseString("akka.remote.artery.canonical.hostname=\"1.2.3.4\"")
    .withFallback(ConfigFactory.load());

Akka behind NAT or in a Docker container

In setups involving Network Address Translation (NAT), Load Balancers or Docker containers the hostname and port pair that Akka binds to will be different than the “logical” host name and port pair that is used to connect to the system from the outside. This requires special configuration that sets both the logical and the bind pairs for remoting.

akka {
  remote {
    artery {
      canonical.hostname = my.domain.com      # external (logical) hostname
      canonical.port = 8000                   # external (logical) port

      bind.hostname = local.address # internal (bind) hostname
      bind.port = 25520              # internal (bind) port
    }
 }
}

You can look at the Cluster with docker-compse example project Cluster with docker-compose example project to see what this looks like in practice.

Running in Docker/Kubernetes

When using aeron-udp in a containerized environment special care must be taken that the media driver runs on a ram disk. This by default is located in /dev/shm which on most physical Linux machines will be mounted as half the size of the system memory.

Docker and Kubernetes mount a 64Mb ram disk. This is unlikely to be large enough. For docker this can be overridden with --shm-size="512mb".

In Kubernetes there is no direct support (yet) for setting shm size. Instead mount an EmptyDir with type Memory to /dev/shm for example in a deployment.yml:

spec:
  containers:
  - name: artery-udp-cluster
    // rest of container spec...
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /dev/shm
      name: media-driver
  volumes:
  - name: media-driver
    emptyDir:
      medium: Memory
      name: media-driver

There is currently no way to limit the size of a memory empty dir but there is a pull request for adding it.

Any space used in the mount will count towards your container’s memory usage.

Flight Recorder

When running on JDK 11 Artery specific flight recording is available through the Java Flight Recorder (JFR). The flight recorder is automatically enabled by detecting JDK 11 but can be disabled if needed by setting akka.java-flight-recorder.enabled = false.

Low overhead Artery specific events are emitted by default when JFR is enabled, higher overhead events needs a custom settings template and are not enabled automatically with the profiling JFR template. To enable those create a copy of the profiling template and enable all Akka sub category events, for example through the JMC GUI.