Introduction¶

IMPORTANT: As of Akka 1.1, Akka Future, CompletableFuture and DefaultCompletableFuture have all the functionality of DataFlowVariables, they also support non-blocking composition and advanced features like fold and reduce, Akka DataFlowVariable is therefor deprecated and will probably resurface in the following release as a DSL on top of Futures.

Akka implements Oz-style dataflow concurrency through dataflow (single assignment) variables and lightweight (event-based) processes/threads.

Dataflow concurrency is deterministic. This means that it will always behave the same. If you run it once and it yields output 5 then it will do that every time, run it 10 million times, same result. If it on the other hand deadlocks the first time you run it, then it will deadlock every single time you run it. Also, there is no difference between sequential code and concurrent code. These properties makes it very easy to reason about concurrency. The limitation is that the code needs to be side-effect free, e.g. deterministic. You can’t use exceptions, time, random etc., but need to treat the part of your program that uses dataflow concurrency as a pure function with input and output.

The best way to learn how to program with dataflow variables is to read the fantastic book Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming. By Peter Van Roy and Seif Haridi.

The documentation is not as complete as it should be, something we will improve shortly. For now, besides above listed resources on dataflow concurrency, I recommend you to read the documentation for the GPars implementation, which is heavily influenced by the Akka implementation:

• http://gpars.codehaus.org/Dataflow
• http://www.gpars.org/guide/guide/7.%20Dataflow%20Concurrency.html

Dataflow Variables¶

Dataflow Variable defines three different operations:

1. Define a Dataflow Variable

import static akka.dataflow.DataFlow.*;

DataFlowVariable<int> x = new DataFlowVariable<int>();

2. Wait for Dataflow Variable to be bound

x.get();

3. Bind Dataflow Variable

x.set(3);

A Dataflow Variable can only be bound once. Subsequent attempts to bind the variable will throw an exception.

You can also shutdown a dataflow variable like this:

x.shutdown();

Threads¶

You can easily create millions lightweight (event-driven) threads on a regular workstation.

import static akka.dataflow.DataFlow.*;
import akka.japi.Effect;

thread(new Effect() {
  public void apply() { ... }
});

You can also set the thread to a reference to be able to control its life-cycle:

import static akka.dataflow.DataFlow.*;
import akka.japi.Effect;

ActorRef t = thread(new Effect() {
  public void apply() { ... }
});

... // time passes

t.tell(new Exit()); // shut down the thread

Examples¶

Most of these examples are taken from the Oz wikipedia page

thread
  Z = X+Y     % will wait until both X and Y are bound to a value.
  {Browse Z}  % shows the value of Z.
end
thread X = 40 end
thread Y = 2 end

import static akka.dataflow.DataFlow.*;
import akka.japi.Effect;

DataFlowVariable<int> x = new DataFlowVariable<int>();
DataFlowVariable<int> y = new DataFlowVariable<int>();
DataFlowVariable<int> z = new DataFlowVariable<int>();

thread(new Effect() {
  public void apply() {
    z.set(x.get() + y.get());
    System.out.println("z = " + z.get());
  }
});

thread(new Effect() {
  public void apply() {
    x.set(40);
  }
});

thread(new Effect() {
  public void apply() {
    y.set(40);
  }
});

import static akka.dataflow.DataFlow.*;
import akka.japi.Effect;

// create four 'int' data flow variables
DataFlowVariable<int> x = new DataFlowVariable<int>();
DataFlowVariable<int> y = new DataFlowVariable<int>();
DataFlowVariable<int> z = new DataFlowVariable<int>();
DataFlowVariable<int> v = new DataFlowVariable<int>();

ActorRef main = thread(new Effect() {
  public void apply() {
    System.out.println("Thread 'main'")
    if (x.get() > y.get()) {
      z.set(x);
      System.out.println("'z' set to 'x': " + z.get());
    } else {
      z.set(y);
      System.out.println("'z' set to 'y': " + z.get());
    }

    // main completed, shut down the data flow variables
    x.shutdown();
    y.shutdown();
    z.shutdown();
    v.shutdown();
  }
});

ActorRef setY = thread(new Effect() {
  public void apply() {
    System.out.println("Thread 'setY', sleeping...");
    Thread.sleep(5000);
    y.set(2);
    System.out.println("'y' set to: " + y.get());
  }
});

ActorRef setV = thread(new Effect() {
  public void apply() {
    System.out.println("Thread 'setV'");
    y.set(2);
    System.out.println("'v' set to y: " + v.get());
  }
});

// shut down the threads
main.tell(new Exit());
setY.tell(new Exit());
setV.tell(new Exit());