Packages

abstract class ClusterSharding extends AnyRef

This extension provides sharding functionality of actors in a cluster. The typical use case is when you have many stateful actors that together consume more resources (e.g. memory) than fit on one machine. You need to distribute them across several nodes in the cluster and you want to be able to interact with them using their logical identifier, but without having to care about their physical location in the cluster, which might also change over time. It could for example be actors representing Aggregate Roots in Domain-Driven Design terminology. Here we call these actors "entities". These actors typically have persistent (durable) state, but this feature is not limited to actors with persistent state.

In this context sharding means that actors with an identifier, so called entities, can be automatically distributed across multiple nodes in the cluster. Each entity actor runs only at one place, and messages can be sent to the entity without requiring the sender to know the location of the destination actor. This is achieved by sending the messages via a ShardRegion actor provided by this extension, which knows how to route the message with the entity id to the final destination.

This extension is supposed to be used by first, typically at system startup on each node in the cluster, registering the supported entity types with the ClusterSharding#init method, which returns the ShardRegion actor reference for a named entity type. Messages to the entities are always sent via that ActorRef, i.e. the local ShardRegion. Messages can also be sent via the EntityRef retrieved with ClusterSharding#entityRefFor, which will also send via the local ShardRegion.

Some settings can be configured as described in the akka.cluster.sharding section of the reference.conf.

The ShardRegion actor is started on each node in the cluster, or group of nodes tagged with a specific role. The ShardRegion is created with a ShardingMessageExtractor to extract the entity identifier and the shard identifier from incoming messages. A shard is a group of entities that will be managed together. For the first message in a specific shard the ShardRegion requests the location of the shard from a central coordinator, the akka.cluster.sharding.ShardCoordinator. The ShardCoordinator decides which ShardRegion owns the shard. The ShardRegion receives the decided home of the shard and if that is the ShardRegion instance itself it will create a local child actor representing the entity and direct all messages for that entity to it. If the shard home is another ShardRegion instance messages will be forwarded to that ShardRegion instance instead. While resolving the location of a shard incoming messages for that shard are buffered and later delivered when the shard location is known. Subsequent messages to the resolved shard can be delivered to the target destination immediately without involving the ShardCoordinator.

To make sure that at most one instance of a specific entity actor is running somewhere in the cluster it is important that all nodes have the same view of where the shards are located. Therefore the shard allocation decisions are taken by the central ShardCoordinator, which is running as a cluster singleton, i.e. one instance on the oldest member among all cluster nodes or a group of nodes tagged with a specific role. The oldest member can be determined by akka.cluster.Member#isOlderThan.

To be able to use newly added members in the cluster the coordinator facilitates rebalancing of shards, i.e. migrate entities from one node to another. In the rebalance process the coordinator first notifies all ShardRegion actors that a handoff for a shard has started. That means they will start buffering incoming messages for that shard, in the same way as if the shard location is unknown. During the rebalance process the coordinator will not answer any requests for the location of shards that are being rebalanced, i.e. local buffering will continue until the handoff is completed. The ShardRegion responsible for the rebalanced shard will stop all entities in that shard by sending the handOffMessage to them. When all entities have been terminated the ShardRegion owning the entities will acknowledge the handoff as completed to the coordinator. Thereafter the coordinator will reply to requests for the location of the shard and thereby allocate a new home for the shard and then buffered messages in the ShardRegion actors are delivered to the new location. This means that the state of the entities are not transferred or migrated. If the state of the entities are of importance it should be persistent (durable), e.g. with akka-persistence, so that it can be recovered at the new location.

The logic that decides which shards to rebalance is defined in a plugable shard allocation strategy. The default implementation LeastShardAllocationStrategy picks shards for handoff from the ShardRegion with most number of previously allocated shards. They will then be allocated to the ShardRegion with least number of previously allocated shards, i.e. new members in the cluster. This strategy can be replaced by an application specific implementation.

The state of shard locations in the ShardCoordinator is stored with akka-distributed-data or akka-persistence to survive failures. When a crashed or unreachable coordinator node has been removed (via down) from the cluster a new ShardCoordinator singleton actor will take over and the state is recovered. During such a failure period shards with known location are still available, while messages for new (unknown) shards are buffered until the new ShardCoordinator becomes available.

As long as a sender uses the same ShardRegion actor to deliver messages to an entity actor the order of the messages is preserved. As long as the buffer limit is not reached messages are delivered on a best effort basis, with at-most once delivery semantics, in the same way as ordinary message sending. Reliable end-to-end messaging, with at-least-once semantics can be added by using AtLeastOnceDelivery in akka-persistence.

Some additional latency is introduced for messages targeted to new or previously unused shards due to the round-trip to the coordinator. Rebalancing of shards may also add latency. This should be considered when designing the application specific shard resolution, e.g. to avoid too fine grained shards.

The ShardRegion actor can also be started in proxy only mode, i.e. it will not host any entities itself, but knows how to delegate messages to the right location.

If the state of the entities are persistent you may stop entities that are not used to reduce memory consumption. This is done by the application specific implementation of the entity actors for example by defining receive timeout (context.setReceiveTimeout). If a message is already enqueued to the entity when it stops itself the enqueued message in the mailbox will be dropped. To support graceful passivation without losing such messages the entity actor can send ClusterSharding#Passivate to the ActorRef[ShardCommand] that was passed in to the factory method when creating the entity.. The specified stopMessage message will be sent back to the entity, which is then supposed to stop itself. Incoming messages will be buffered by the ShardRegion between reception of Passivate and termination of the entity. Such buffered messages are thereafter delivered to a new incarnation of the entity.

This class is not intended for user extension other than for test purposes (e.g. stub implementation). More methods may be added in the future and that may break such implementations.

Annotations
@DoNotInherit()
Source
ClusterSharding.scala
Linear Supertypes
Type Hierarchy
Ordering
  1. Alphabetic
  2. By Inheritance
Inherited
  1. ClusterSharding
  2. AnyRef
  3. Any
Implicitly
  1. by any2stringadd
  2. by StringFormat
  3. by Ensuring
  4. by ArrowAssoc
  1. Hide All
  2. Show All
Visibility
  1. Public
  2. Protected

Instance Constructors

  1. new ClusterSharding()

Abstract Value Members

  1. abstract def defaultShardAllocationStrategy(settings: ClusterShardingSettings): ShardAllocationStrategy

    The default ShardAllocationStrategy is configured by least-shard-allocation-strategy properties.

  2. abstract def entityRefFor[M](typeKey: EntityTypeKey[M], entityId: String, dataCenter: String): EntityRef[M]

    Create an ActorRef-like reference to a specific sharded entity running in another data center.

    Create an ActorRef-like reference to a specific sharded entity running in another data center.

    You have to correctly specify the type of messages the target can handle via the typeKey.

    Messages sent through this EntityRef will be wrapped in a ShardingEnvelope including the provided entityId.

    This can only be used if the default ShardingEnvelope is used, when using custom envelopes or in message entity ids you will need to use the ActorRef[E] returned by sharding init for messaging with the sharded actors.

    For in-depth documentation of its semantics, see EntityRef.

  3. abstract def entityRefFor[M](typeKey: EntityTypeKey[M], entityId: String): EntityRef[M]

    Create an ActorRef-like reference to a specific sharded entity.

    Create an ActorRef-like reference to a specific sharded entity.

    You have to correctly specify the type of messages the target can handle via the typeKey.

    Messages sent through this EntityRef will be wrapped in a ShardingEnvelope including the here provided entityId.

    This can only be used if the default ShardingEnvelope is used, when using custom envelopes or in message entity ids you will need to use the ActorRef<E> returned by sharding init for messaging with the sharded actors.

    For in-depth documentation of its semantics, see EntityRef.

  4. abstract def init[M, E](entity: Entity[M, E]): ActorRef[E]

    Initialize sharding for the given entity factory settings.

    Initialize sharding for the given entity factory settings.

    It will start a shard region or a proxy depending on if the settings require role and if this node has such a role.

    M

    The type of message the entity accepts

    E

    A possible envelope around the message the entity accepts

  5. abstract def shard(typeKey: EntityTypeKey[_]): ActorRef[ShardCommand]

    Access to the ActorRef to send ShardCommand for a given entity type.

    Access to the ActorRef to send ShardCommand for a given entity type. For example ClusterSharding.Passivate can be sent to this ActorRef. Note that this ActorRef is also available in the EntityContext. The entity type must first be initialized with the ClusterSharding.init method.

  6. abstract def shardState: ActorRef[ClusterShardingQuery]

    Actor for querying Cluster Sharding state

Concrete Value Members

  1. final def !=(arg0: Any): Boolean
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef → Any
  2. final def ##: Int
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef → Any
  3. def +(other: String): String
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from ClusterSharding toany2stringadd[ClusterSharding] performed by method any2stringadd in scala.Predef.
    Definition Classes
    any2stringadd
  4. def ->[B](y: B): (ClusterSharding, B)
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from ClusterSharding toArrowAssoc[ClusterSharding] performed by method ArrowAssoc in scala.Predef.
    Definition Classes
    ArrowAssoc
    Annotations
    @inline()
  5. final def ==(arg0: Any): Boolean
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef → Any
  6. final def asInstanceOf[T0]: T0
    Definition Classes
    Any
  7. def clone(): AnyRef
    Attributes
    protected[lang]
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef
    Annotations
    @throws(classOf[java.lang.CloneNotSupportedException]) @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate() @native()
  8. def ensuring(cond: (ClusterSharding) => Boolean, msg: => Any): ClusterSharding
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from ClusterSharding toEnsuring[ClusterSharding] performed by method Ensuring in scala.Predef.
    Definition Classes
    Ensuring
  9. def ensuring(cond: (ClusterSharding) => Boolean): ClusterSharding
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from ClusterSharding toEnsuring[ClusterSharding] performed by method Ensuring in scala.Predef.
    Definition Classes
    Ensuring
  10. def ensuring(cond: Boolean, msg: => Any): ClusterSharding
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from ClusterSharding toEnsuring[ClusterSharding] performed by method Ensuring in scala.Predef.
    Definition Classes
    Ensuring
  11. def ensuring(cond: Boolean): ClusterSharding
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from ClusterSharding toEnsuring[ClusterSharding] performed by method Ensuring in scala.Predef.
    Definition Classes
    Ensuring
  12. final def eq(arg0: AnyRef): Boolean
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef
  13. def equals(arg0: AnyRef): Boolean
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef → Any
  14. final def getClass(): Class[_ <: AnyRef]
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef → Any
    Annotations
    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate() @native()
  15. def hashCode(): Int
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef → Any
    Annotations
    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate() @native()
  16. final def isInstanceOf[T0]: Boolean
    Definition Classes
    Any
  17. final def ne(arg0: AnyRef): Boolean
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef
  18. final def notify(): Unit
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef
    Annotations
    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate() @native()
  19. final def notifyAll(): Unit
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef
    Annotations
    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate() @native()
  20. final def synchronized[T0](arg0: => T0): T0
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef
  21. def toString(): String
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef → Any
  22. final def wait(arg0: Long, arg1: Int): Unit
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef
    Annotations
    @throws(classOf[java.lang.InterruptedException])
  23. final def wait(arg0: Long): Unit
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef
    Annotations
    @throws(classOf[java.lang.InterruptedException]) @native()
  24. final def wait(): Unit
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef
    Annotations
    @throws(classOf[java.lang.InterruptedException])

Deprecated Value Members

  1. def finalize(): Unit
    Attributes
    protected[lang]
    Definition Classes
    AnyRef
    Annotations
    @throws(classOf[java.lang.Throwable]) @Deprecated
    Deprecated

    (Since version 9)

  2. def formatted(fmtstr: String): String
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from ClusterSharding toStringFormat[ClusterSharding] performed by method StringFormat in scala.Predef.
    Definition Classes
    StringFormat
    Annotations
    @deprecated @inline()
    Deprecated

    (Since version 2.12.16) Use formatString.format(value) instead of value.formatted(formatString), or use the f"" string interpolator. In Java 15 and later, formatted resolves to the new method in String which has reversed parameters.

  3. def [B](y: B): (ClusterSharding, B)
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from ClusterSharding toArrowAssoc[ClusterSharding] performed by method ArrowAssoc in scala.Predef.
    Definition Classes
    ArrowAssoc
    Annotations
    @deprecated
    Deprecated

    (Since version 2.13.0) Use -> instead. If you still wish to display it as one character, consider using a font with programming ligatures such as Fira Code.

Inherited from AnyRef

Inherited from Any

Inherited by implicit conversion any2stringadd fromClusterSharding to any2stringadd[ClusterSharding]

Inherited by implicit conversion StringFormat fromClusterSharding to StringFormat[ClusterSharding]

Inherited by implicit conversion Ensuring fromClusterSharding to Ensuring[ClusterSharding]

Inherited by implicit conversion ArrowAssoc fromClusterSharding to ArrowAssoc[ClusterSharding]

Ungrouped