Agents (Scala)

Agents in Akka are inspired by agents in Clojure.

Agents provide asynchronous change of individual locations. Agents are bound to a single storage location for their lifetime, and only allow mutation of that location (to a new state) to occur as a result of an action. Update actions are functions that are asynchronously applied to the Agent's state and whose return value becomes the Agent's new state. The state of an Agent should be immutable.

While updates to Agents are asynchronous, the state of an Agent is always immediately available for reading by any thread (using get or apply) without any messages.

Agents are reactive. The update actions of all Agents get interleaved amongst threads in a thread pool. At any point in time, at most one send action for each Agent is being executed. Actions dispatched to an agent from another thread will occur in the order they were sent, potentially interleaved with actions dispatched to the same agent from other sources.

If an Agent is used within an enclosing transaction, then it will participate in that transaction. Agents are integrated with Scala STM - any dispatches made in a transaction are held until that transaction commits, and are discarded if it is retried or aborted.

Creating and stopping Agents

Agents are created by invoking Agent(value) passing in the Agent's initial value:

import akka.agent.Agent

val agent = Agent(5)

Note that creating an Agent requires an implicit ActorSystem (for creating the underlying actors). See Actor Systems for more information about actor systems. An ActorSystem can be in implicit scope when creating an Agent:

import akka.actor.ActorSystem
import akka.agent.Agent

implicit val system = ActorSystem("app")

val agent = Agent(5)

Or the ActorSystem can be passed explicitly when creating an Agent:

import akka.actor.ActorSystem
import akka.agent.Agent

val system = ActorSystem("app")

val agent = Agent(5)(system)

An Agent will be running until you invoke close on it. Then it will be eligible for garbage collection (unless you hold on to it in some way).

agent.close()

Updating Agents

You update an Agent by sending a function that transforms the current value or by sending just a new value. The Agent will apply the new value or function atomically and asynchronously. The update is done in a fire-forget manner and you are only guaranteed that it will be applied. There is no guarantee of when the update will be applied but dispatches to an Agent from a single thread will occur in order. You apply a value or a function by invoking the send function.

// send a value
agent send 7

// send a function
agent send (_ + 1)
agent send (_ * 2)

You can also dispatch a function to update the internal state but on its own thread. This does not use the reactive thread pool and can be used for long-running or blocking operations. You do this with the sendOff method. Dispatches using either sendOff or send will still be executed in order.

// sendOff a function
agent sendOff (longRunningOrBlockingFunction)

Reading an Agent's value

Agents can be dereferenced (you can get an Agent's value) by invoking the Agent with parentheses like this:

val result = agent()

Or by using the get method:

val result = agent.get

Reading an Agent's current value does not involve any message passing and happens immediately. So while updates to an Agent are asynchronous, reading the state of an Agent is synchronous.

Awaiting an Agent's value

It is also possible to read the value after all currently queued sends have completed. You can do this with await:

import scala.concurrent.duration._
import akka.util.Timeout

implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds)
val result = agent.await

You can also get a Future to this value, that will be completed after the currently queued updates have completed:

import scala.concurrent.Await

implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds)
val future = agent.future
val result = Await.result(future, timeout.duration)

Transactional Agents

If an Agent is used within an enclosing transaction, then it will participate in that transaction. If you send to an Agent within a transaction then the dispatch to the Agent will be held until that transaction commits, and discarded if the transaction is aborted. Here's an example:

import akka.agent.Agent
import scala.concurrent.duration._
import akka.util.Timeout
import scala.concurrent.stm._

def transfer(from: Agent[Int], to: Agent[Int], amount: Int): Boolean = {
  atomic { txn ⇒
    if (from.get < amount) false
    else {
      from send (_ - amount)
      to send (_ + amount)
      true
    }
  }
}

val from = Agent(100)
val to = Agent(20)
val ok = transfer(from, to, 50)

implicit val timeout = Timeout(5 seconds)
val fromValue = from.await // -> 50
val toValue = to.await // -> 70

Monadic usage

Agents are also monadic, allowing you to compose operations using for-comprehensions. In monadic usage, new Agents are created leaving the original Agents untouched. So the old values (Agents) are still available as-is. They are so-called 'persistent'.

Example of monadic usage:

val agent1 = Agent(3)
val agent2 = Agent(5)

// uses foreach
var result = 0
for (value ← agent1) {
  result = value + 1
}

// uses map
val agent3 = for (value ← agent1) yield value + 1

// or using map directly
val agent4 = agent1 map (_ + 1)

// uses flatMap
val agent5 = for {
  value1 ← agent1
  value2 ← agent2
} yield value1 + value2

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