Actor References, Paths and Addresses
This chapter describes how actors are identified and located within a possibly distributed actor system. It ties into the central idea that Actor Systems form intrinsic supervision hierarchies as well as that communication between actors is transparent with respect to their placement across multiple network nodes.
The above image displays the relationship between the most important entities within an actor system, please read on for the details.
What is an Actor Reference?
An actor reference is a subtype of ActorRef, whose foremost purpose is to support sending messages to the actor it represents. Each actor has access to its canonical (local) reference through the self field; this reference is also included as sender reference by default for all messages sent to other actors. Conversely, during message processing the actor has access to a reference representing the sender of the current message through the sender field.
There are several different types of actor references that are supported depending on the configuration of the actor system:
- Purely local actor references are used by actor systems which are not configured to support networking functions. These actor references cannot ever be sent across a network connection while retaining their functionality.
- Local actor references when remoting is enabled are used by actor systems which support networking functions for those references which represent actors within the same JVM. In order to be recognizable also when sent to other network nodes, these references include protocol and remote addressing information.
- There is a subtype of local actor references which is used for routers (i.e. actors mixing in the Router trait). Its logical structure is the same as for the aforementioned local references, but sending a message to them dispatches to one of their children directly instead.
- Remote actor references represent actors which are reachable using remote communication, i.e. sending messages to them will serialize the messages transparently and send them to the other JVM.
- There are several special types of actor references which behave like local
actor references for all practical purposes:
- PromiseActorRef is the special representation of a Promise for the purpose of being completed by the response from an actor; it is created by the ActorRef.ask invocation.
- DeadLetterActorRef is the default implementation of the dead letters service, where all messages are re-routed whose routees are shut down or non-existent.
- EmptyLocalActorRef is what is returned when looking up a non-existing local actor path: it is equivalent to a DeadLetterActorRef, but it retains its path so that it can be sent over the network and compared to other existing actor refs for that path, some of which might have been obtained before the actor stopped existing.
- And then there are some one-off internal implementations which you should
never really see:
- There is an actor reference which does not represent an actor but acts only as a pseudo-supervisor for the root guardian, we call it “the one who walks the bubbles of space-time”.
- The first logging service started before actually firing up actor creation facilities is a fake actor reference which accepts log events and prints them directly to standard output; it is Logging.StandardOutLogger.
- (Future Extension) Cluster actor references represent clustered actor services which may be replicated, migrated or load-balanced across multiple cluster nodes. As such they are virtual names which the cluster service translates into local or remote actor references as appropriate.
What is an Actor Path?
Since actors are created in a strictly hierarchical fashion, there exists a unique sequence of actor names given by recursively following the supervision links between child and parent down towards the root of the actor system. This sequence can be seen as enclosing folders in a file system, hence we adopted the name “path” to refer to it. As in some real file-systems there also are “symbolic links”, i.e. one actor may be reachable using more than one path, where all but one involve some translation which decouples part of the path from the actor’s actual supervision ancestor line; these specialities are described in the sub-sections to follow.
An actor path consists of an anchor, which identifies the actor system, followed by the concatenation of the path elements, from root guardian to the designated actor; the path elements are the names of the traversed actors and are separated by slashes.
Actor Path Anchors
Each actor path has an address component, describing the protocol and location by which the corresponding actor is reachable, followed by the names of the actors in the hierarchy from the root up. Examples are:
"akka://my-system/user/service-a/worker1" // purely local
"akka://[email protected]:5678/user/service-b" // local or remote
"cluster://my-cluster/service-c" // clustered (Future Extension)
Here, akka is the default remote protocol for the 2.0 release, and others are pluggable. The interpretation of the host & port part (i.e. serv.example.com:5678 in the example) depends on the transport mechanism used, but it must abide by the URI structural rules.
Logical Actor Paths
The unique path obtained by following the parental supervision links towards the root guardian is called the logical actor path. This path matches exactly the creation ancestry of an actor, so it is completely deterministic as soon as the actor system’s remoting configuration (and with it the address component of the path) is set.
Physical Actor Paths
While the logical actor path describes the functional location within one actor system, configuration-based remote deployment means that an actor may be created on a different network host as its parent, i.e. within a different actor system. In this case, following the actor path from the root guardian up entails traversing the network, which is a costly operation. Therefore, each actor also has a physical path, starting at the root guardian of the actor system where the actual actor object resides. Using this path as sender reference when querying other actors will let them reply directly to this actor, minimizing delays incurred by routing.
One important aspect is that a physical actor path never spans multiple actor systems or JVMs. This means that the logical path (supervision hierarchy) and the physical path (actor deployment) of an actor may diverge if one of its ancestors is remotely supervised.
Virtual Actor Paths (Future Extension)
In order to be able to replicate and migrate actors across a cluster of Akka nodes, another level of indirection has to be introduced. The cluster component therefore provides a translation from virtual paths to physical paths which may change in reaction to node failures, cluster rebalancing, etc.
This area is still under active development, expect updates in this section for the 2.1 release.
How are Actor References obtained?
There are two general categories to how actor references may be obtained: by creating actors or by looking them up, where the latter functionality comes in the two flavours of creating actor references from concrete actor paths and querying the logical actor hierarchy.
While local and remote actor references and their paths work in the same way concerning the facilities mentioned below, the exact semantics of clustered actor references and their paths—while certainly as similar as possible—may differ in certain aspects, owing to the virtual nature of those paths. Expect updates for the 2.1 release.
Creating Actors
An actor system is typically started by creating actors above the guardian actor using the ActorSystem.actorOf method and then using ActorContext.actorOf from within the created actors to spawn the actor tree. These methods return a reference to the newly created actor. Each actor has direct access to references for its parent, itself and its children. These references may be sent within messages to other actors, enabling those to reply directly.
Looking up Actors by Concrete Path
In addition, actor references may be looked up using the ActorSystem.actorFor method, which returns an (unverified) local, remote or clustered actor reference. Sending messages to such a reference or attempting to observe its liveness will traverse the actor hierarchy of the actor system from top to bottom by passing messages from parent to child until either the target is reached or failure is certain, i.e. a name in the path does not exist (in practice this process will be optimized using caches, but it still has added cost compared to using the physical actor path, which can for example to obtained from the sender reference included in replies from that actor). The messages passed are handled automatically by Akka, so this process is not visible to client code.
Absolute vs. Relative Paths
In addition to ActorSystem.actorFor there is also ActorContext.actorFor, which is available inside any actor as context.actorFor. This yields an actor reference much like its twin on ActorSystem, but instead of looking up the path starting from the root of the actor tree it starts out on the current actor. Path elements consisting of two dots ("..") may be used to access the parent actor. You can for example send a message to a specific sibling:
context.actorFor("../brother") ! msg
Absolute paths may of course also be looked up on context in the usual way, i.e.
context.actorFor("/user/serviceA") ! msg
will work as expected.
Querying the Logical Actor Hierarchy
Since the actor system forms a file-system like hierarchy, matching on paths is possible in the same was as supported by Unix shells: you may replace (parts of) path element names with wildcards («*» and «?») to formulate a selection which may match zero or more actual actors. Because the result is not a single actor reference, it has a different type ActorSelection and does not support the full set of operations an ActorRef does. Selections may be formulated using the ActorSystem.actorSelection and ActorContext.actorSelection methods and do support sending messages:
context.actorSelection("../*") ! msg
will send msg to all siblings including the current actor. As for references obtained using actorFor, a traversal of the supervision hierarchy is done in order to perform the message send. As the exact set of actors which match a selection may change even while a message is making its way to the recipients, it is not possible to watch a selection for liveliness changes. In order to do that, resolve the uncertainty by sending a request and gathering all answers, extracting the sender references, and then watch all discovered concrete actors. This scheme of resolving a selection may be improved upon in a future release.
Summary: actorOf vs. actorFor
Note
What the above sections described in some detail can be summarized and memorized easily as follows:
- actorOf only ever creates a new actor, and it creates it as a direct child of the context on which this method is invoked (which may be any actor or actor system).
- actorFor only ever looks up an existing actor, i.e. does not create one.
Reusing Actor Paths
When an actor is terminated, its path will point to the dead letter mailbox, DeathWatch will publish its final transition and in general it is not expected to come back to life again (since the actor life cycle does not allow this). While it is possible to create an actor at a later time with an identical path—simply due to it being impossible to enforce the opposite without keeping the set of all actors ever created available—this is not good practice: remote actor references which “died” suddenly start to work again, but without any guarantee of ordering between this transition and any other event, hence the new inhabitant of the path may receive messages which were destined for the previous tenant.
It may be the right thing to do in very specific circumstances, but make sure to confine the handling of this precisely to the actor’s supervisor, because that is the only actor which can reliably detect proper deregistration of the name, before which creation of the new child will fail.
It may also be required during testing, when the test subject depends on being instantiated at a specific path. In that case it is best to mock its supervisor so that it will forward the Terminated message to the appropriate point in the test procedure, enabling the latter to await proper deregistration of the name.
The Interplay with Remote Deployment
When an actor creates a child, the actor system’s deployer will decide whether the new actor resides in the same JVM or on another node. In the second case, creation of the actor will be triggered via a network connection to happen in a different JVM and consequently within a different actor system. The remote system will place the new actor below a special path reserved for this purpose and the supervisor of the new actor will be a remote actor reference (representing that actor which triggered its creation). In this case, context.parent (the supervisor reference) and context.path.parent (the parent node in the actor’s path) do not represent the same actor. However, looking up the child’s name within the supervisor will find it on the remote node, preserving logical structure e.g. when sending to an unresolved actor reference.
The Interplay with Clustering (Future Extension)
This section is subject to change!
When creating a scaled-out actor subtree, a cluster name is created for a routed actor reference, where sending to this reference will send to one (or more) of the actual actors created in the cluster. In order for those actors to be able to query other actors while processing their messages, their sender reference must be unique for each of the replicas, which means that physical paths will be used as self references for these instances. In the case of replication for achieving fault-tolerance the opposite is required: the self reference will be a virtual (cluster) path so that in case of migration or fail-over communication is resumed with the fresh instance.
What is the Address part used for?
When sending an actor reference across the network, it is represented by its path. Hence, the path must fully encode all information necessary to send messages to the underlying actor. This is achieved by encoding protocol, host and port in the address part of the path string. When an actor system receives an actor path from a remote node, it checks whether that path’s address matches the address of this actor system, in which case it will be resolved to the actor’s local reference. Otherwise, it will be represented by a remote actor reference.
Special Paths used by Akka
At the root of the path hierarchy resides the root guardian above which all other actors are found. The next level consists of the following:
- "/user" is the guardian actor for all user-created top-level actors; actors created using ActorSystem.actorOf are found at the next level.
- "/system" is the guardian actor for all system-created top-level actors, e.g. logging listeners or actors automatically deployed by configuration at the start of the actor system.
- "/deadLetters" is the dead letter actor, which is where all messages sent to stopped or non-existing actors are re-routed.
- "/temp" is the guardian for all short-lived system-created actors, e.g. those which are used in the implementation of ActorRef.ask.
- "/remote" is an artificial path below which all actors reside whose supervisors are remote actor references
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